Bovines Corn Pudding RecipeBovidae - Wikipedia. The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven- hoofed, ruminantmammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a bovid. Bovines Myrtle Beach
Bo·vine (bō′vīn′, -vēn′) adj. 1. Of, relating to, or resembling a ruminant mammal of the bovid subfamily Bovinae, such as a cow, ox, or buffalo, especially. Bovine's is a refreshing dining destination for locals and out-of-towners alike. With delicious wood-fired specialties in a relaxed, warm atmosphere, Bovine's. Bovine. 4,348 likes · 3 talking about this. 'The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire' OUT NOW! Facebook. Email or Phone: Password: Forgot account? Home. About. · bovine (plural bovines) An animal of the family, subfamily, tribe, or genera including cattle, buffaloes and bison. Translations. animal like cattle. English-Spanish Dictionary | bovine. All the bovines on our farm are grass-fed. Is something important missing? Report an error or suggest an improvement. With 1. 43 extant species and 3. Bovidae consists of eight major subfamilies apart from the disputed Peleinae and Pantholopinae. The family evolved 2. Miocene. The bovids show great variation in size and pelage colouration. Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have two or more horns, and in many species females possess horns, too. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always one or more pairs of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Most bovids bear 3. Most bovids are diurnal. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. Bovids typically rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. They have various methods of social organisation and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. Most species alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed on high- fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Most bovids are polygynous. Mature bovids mate at least once a year and smaller species may even mate twice. In some species, neonate bovids remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers; in other species, neonates are followers, accompanying their dams, rather than tending to remain hidden. The greatest diversities of bovids occur in Africa. The maximum concentration of species is in the savannas of eastern Africa. Other bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Bovidae includes three of the five domesticated mammals whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats. Dairy products such as milk, butter, and cheese are manufactured largely from domestic cattle. Bovids also provide leather, meat, and wool. Etymology[edit]The name "Bovidae" was given by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1. The word "Bovidae" is the combination of the prefix bov- (originating from Latinbos, "ox", through Late Latinbovinus) and the suffix - idae.[2][3]Taxonomy[edit]The family Bovidae is placed in the order. Artiodactyla (which includes the even- toed ungulates). It includes 1. 43 extant species, accounting for nearly 5. Molecular studies have supported monophyly in the family Bovidae (a group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and all their descendants).[5][6] The number of subfamilies in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies.[6] However, molecular, morphological and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies : Aepycerotinae (consisting of just the impala), Alcelaphinae (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), Antilopinae (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), Bovinae (cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid- Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily Tethytraginae, which contains Tethytragus (mid- Miocene).[7][8]In 1. Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, London divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat primitive teeth, resembling those of oxen, whereas aegodonts have more advanced teeth like those of goats.[9]A controversy exists about the recognition of Peleinae and Patholopinae, comprising the genera Pelea and Pantholops respectively, as subfamilies. In 2. 00. 0, American biologist George Schaller and palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba suggested the inclusion of Pelea in Reduncinae,[1. Pelea, is highly different from kobs and reduncines in morphology.[1. Pantholops, earlier classified in the Antilopinae, was later placed in its own subfamily, Pantholopinae. However, molecular and morphological analysis supports the inclusion of Pantholops in Caprinae.[1. Below is a cladogram based on Gatesy et al. Gentry et al. (1. Bovidae. Boodontia (Bovinae)Aegodontia. Antilopinae. Aepycerotinae (impalas etc.)Evolution[edit]. Skull of Eotragus sansaniensis, a species of the ancient bovid genus Eotragus. Early Miocene and before[edit]In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the cervids (deer) and giraffids. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (2. Mya) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern gazelles, and probably lived in woodland environments.[1. Eotragus, the earliest known bovid, weighed 1. Thompson's gazelle.[1. Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin). This early split between Boodontia and Aegodontia has been attributed to the continental divide between these land masses. When these continents were later rejoined, this barrier was removed, and either group expanded into the territory of the other.[1. The tribes Bovini and Tragelaphini diverged in the early Miocene.[1. Bovids are known to have reached the Americas in the Pleistocene by crossing the Bering land bridge.[1. The present genera of Alcelaphinae appeared in the Pliocene. The extinct Alcelaphine genus Paramularius, that was the same in size as the hartebeest, is believed to have come into being in the Pliocene, but became extinct in the middle Pleistocene.[6] Several genera of Hippotraginae are known since the Pliocene and Pleistocene. This subfamily appears to have diverged from the Alcelaphinae in the latter part of early Miocene.[1. The Bovinae are believed to have diverged from the rest of the Bovidae in the late Oligocene.[1. The Boselaphini became extinct in Africa in the early Pliocene; their latest fossils were excavated in Langebaanweg (South Africa) and Lothagam (Kenya).[1. Middle Miocene[edit]The middle Miocene marked the spread of the bovids into China and the Indian subcontinent.[1. According to Vrba, the radiation of the subfamily Alcelaphinae began in the latter part of middle Miocene.[6] The Caprinae tribes probably diverged in the early middle Miocene. The Caprini emerged in the middle Miocene, and seem to have been replaced by other bovids and cervids in Eurasia.[1. The earliest fossils of the antilopines are from the middle Miocene, though studies show the existence of the subfamily from the early Miocene. Speciation occurred in the tribe. Antilopini during the middle or upper Miocene, mainly in Eurasia. Tribe Neotragini seems to have appeared in Africa by the end of Miocene, and had become widespread by the Pliocene.[1. Late Miocene[edit]By the late Miocene, around 1. Mya, the bovids rapidly diversified, leading to the creation of 7. This late Miocene radiation was partly because many bovids became adapted to more open, grassland habitats.[1. The Aepycerotinae first appeared in the late Miocene, and no significant difference in the sizes of the primitive and modern impala has been noted.[1. Fossils of obivines, a tribe of Caprinae, in Africa date back to the late Miocene.[1. The earliest Hippotragine fossils date back to the late Miocene, and were excavated from sites such as Lothagam and Awash Valley.[1. The first African fossils of Reduncinae date back to 6- 7 Mya.[2. Reduncinae and Peleinae probably diverged in the mid- Miocene.[6]Characteristics[edit]. Bovids have unbranched horns. All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, one or more pairs of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species.[2. Most bovids exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males usually larger as well as heavier than females. Sexual dimorphism is more prominent in medium- to large- sized bovids. All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the hooves), while the outer two (the dewclaws) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground.[4]The bovids show great variation in size: the gaur can weigh as much as 1,0. The water buffalo can be even heavier, and weigh 1,2. The royal antelope, in sharp contrast, is only 2. The klipspringer, another small antelope, stands 4. Differences occur in pelage colouration, ranging from a pale white (as in the Arabian oryx)[2. However, only the intermediate shades, such as brown and reddish brown (as in the reedbuck), are commonly observed.[2. In several species, females and juveniles exhibit a light- coloured coat, while those of males darken with age. As in the wildebeest, the coat may be marked with prominent or faint stripes. In some species such as the addax, the coat colour can vary by the season.[2. Scent glands and sebaceous glands are often present.[2. The gemsbok has conspicuous markings on its face, which conceal the eye, and on its legs. These may have a role in communication.[3. Some species, such as the gemsbok, sable antelope, and Grant's gazelle, are camouflaged with strongly disruptive facial markings that conceal the highly recognisable eye.[3. Many species, such as gazelles, may be made to look flat, and hence to blend into the background, by countershading.[3. The outlines of many bovids are broken up with bold disruptive colouration, the strongly contrasting patterns helping to delay recognition by predators.[3. However, all the Hippotraginae (including the gemsbok) have pale bodies and faces with conspicuous markings.
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